Knee hyperextesion 常為congenital genu recuvatum,leg discrepancy的短腿側導致knee hyperextension,而patella 原本在femoral上的tracking減少了,當tracking不正常時,原本在patella周圍mucle帶來的force會產生imbalance,通常會使quadriceps在0-10度flex範圍內控制不良特別是ecentric control
Maltracking mechanism: 1. foot: over-pronation→ lower leg IR,但upper leg相對之下是ER→ malalignment→maltracking 2. Tibia: ↑Tibia external torsion→ ↑ lateral compression 3. Femur torsion: ↑antiversion→ ↑ genu valgum 4. calf muscle: tightness →PFJ在WB時的壓力增加 5. Gluteal maximus: weakness→ ↓knee support 6. Biceps femoris: a)使Tibia ER→ ↑lateral compression 或是 b) muscle tightness造成pressure↑ 7. Quadriceps: weakness或imbalance(weak VM and strong VL)會造成maltracking 8. ITB: tightness→將patella往外拉,造成maltracking
影響patella 動態排列的構造上的病因(結構上的因素) 1.spiral line太緊: SL走在knee外側,ankle前側,一旦SL tight會造成knee IR 2.Q angle的增加: Q angle可能會因為tibial tubercle太偏向外側(lateral displacement)、 external tibial torsion(外轉太大)、femoral neck太前傾(anteversion)而使Q angle 的角度增加 3.A angle: 如果A angle>35°,會容易得到PFPS 4.ITB (Iliotibial band): ITB過緊,就會使patella過度向外,而內側拉力無法抗衡, ITB一拉使得patella翹得太高,使得knee外側與condyle接觸太大量→PFPS 5.VL(vastus lateralis)與VMO肌力不能互相抗衡,會導致patella向外側或track 6.過度pronation(扁平足):過度pronation→subtalar joint外翻且adduction伴隨著 tibia IR→增加femur IR→外側外翻力矩力量增加(會造成Q angle增加)→patella 向外tracking 7.Hamstring及gastrocnemius太緊: 因為knee伸不直而需要更大的dorsiflexion→ 過度的subtalar的活動→ tibia向內側轉→外側外翻力矩力量增加 (會造成Q angle增加→patella向外tracking) 8.Patella alta 9.Patella dysplasia: Patella生長不健全(ex.兩個facet的山嵴不明顯、condyle之間密 合度不好…)→會造成patellofemoral joint間接觸不密和 10.Patella錯誤排列: tilt、glide、rotation
造成patella mal-tracking的原因可能有很多,包括接到patella上的任何一條muscle、tendon的強弱不平衡或ligament的鬆緊度改變、和下肢骨頭位置不正確都會影響。以骨骼排列舉例:knee flexion時Femur往內旋轉太多或是天生有anteversion的結構,使patella相對於femoral condyle是被往外拉的;另外pronated foot會使tibia往外旋轉,透過patella tendon、medial and lateral patella retinaculum對patella產生扭轉的力量,所以移動軌道會不正常。
Overloading - Bending the knee increases the pressure between the patella and the femur. Thus sports such as running, where repeated weight-bearing occurs, may result in PFJ syndrome. Pronating Feet - Pronating or 'flat' feet lead to an increased biomechanical stress on the knee joint. This may affect the alignment of the patella particularly during movement. Muscle imbalance - The quadriceps muscle group are responsible for the movement of the patella itself. If the lateral (outer) fibres are stronger or tighter than the medial fibres, or if the iliotibial band (ITB) is very tight this can lead to problematic patella tracking. Q-angle - Some people have a larger than normal femoral angle (known as the Q-angle)and may have 'knock-kneed' appearance (genu valgum). When the person straightens their leg, the patella will be forced to the outside of the knee. With repeated bending and loading, this motion may lead to damage of the underlying structures and cause pain. 參考網頁:www.sportsinjury.com
quadriceps的影響:(1)quadriceps有四條,如果外側肌肉強度大於內側肌肉,或是外側肌肉收縮速度大於內側肌肉,當腳伸直的時候patella就會被拉向外側,造成patella maltracking。 (2)quadriceps太弱,knee move時沒辦法拉動patella,造成maltracking。 hamstrings與ITB的影響:quadriceps太弱,造成hamstrings及ITB太緊,也會在腳伸直的時候將patella拉向外側,造成maltracking。 外力造成:膝蓋受撞擊,讓femoral bone產生向內twist,增加patella maltracking的風險。 pronated foot:按照spiral line的走向,當foot pronated時,peroneus longus與biceps femoris會被拉緊,從foot沿line影響到knee,biceps femoris拉太緊也會造成maltracking。 (http://children.webmd.com/tc/Patellar-Tracking-Disorder-Cause)
patellofemoral maltracking的可能原因: 1. Overuse :反覆膝蓋彎曲, 跑, 跳, 下跪, 蹲, 或長時間的knee flexion. 2. abnormal force : Combined hyperextension and rotation 加上一個瞬間的扭轉力矩 3. abnormal space : 骨頭與骨頭之間受到長時間的compression, 導致space變小,進而影響maltacking 4. chondromalacia : patella 下緣產生退化現象 5. muscle spactivity : patella 周圍的肌肉太緊或太鬆,也可能導致 maltracking 改變
會影響到knee tracking的原因其中之一是pronate foot,因為foot變成了pronate,所以使tibia代償做出了較多的internal rotation,進而也使得femoral也產生了一點點的internal rotation,變成了X型腿,產生了連接在patella外側的muscle,變的在一個更有利於它收縮的位置,所以影響到了knee tracking。
subtalar joint pronation: 會造成tibia和femur代償性的內轉,此內轉的現象使femur與patella之間關節面的compression force增加,並且增加patella lateral displacement。如此一來,patella maltracking就會逐漸造成patella femoral pain syndromem。
因為hip flexor(這裡主要指iliopsoas)的weakness會造成pelvic變成較anterior tilt, 且femur會處在相對來說比較internal rotation的位置(因為iliopsoas的insertion在lesser trochanter上,收縮時可以使femur作external rotation):往下沿伸到knee來看,因為femur作internal rotation, 相對的patella tracking就會處在lateral tilt的位置,結論:因為weak hip flexor形成的patella maltracking是導致patellofemoral pain syndrome的可能原因之一。
可能是因為muscle的問題而受到影響 例如: 如果ITB太緊,會有過多的lateral force在patella 且使tibia外旋,如此會使得patellofemoral mechanism失去平衡, 會導致patella過多向外的軌跡位移。 如果是hamstring,可使knee做flexion,如果太緊,會有過多 向後的力在施在knee上面,將導致patella和femur之間的壓力增加。
我覺得影響maltracking的原因很多,我用muscle timing不對來做比喻,因為一般肌肉在收縮時,是由內側的VMO先做收縮,再來是外側的肌肉或韌帶來收縮以維持patella的穩定度,若內側的VMO來不及反應收縮的話,使外側的肌肉先收縮,此時,patella就會被往外拉,它就會偏離正常軌道,稱之maltracking
Genu valgum, also known as X型腿, causes an increase in Q angle due to the fact that the tibial tuberosity will be displaced laterally. This in turn will cause an increased lateral force on the patella resulting in patella sublaxation.
會引起malalignment的原因: 例如hip若過度IR,tibia外轉造成Q angle的角度增加,此時壓力也會集中在knee,可能就會造成他的排序有問題
造成patella mal-tracking的原因很多,例如長短腳,因為長短腳會使pelvic傾斜,使壓力落在patella上,此時較長的那一腳femural做IR,tibia做ER,以維持身體的穩定度。
maltracking of the patella可能是biomechanical, muscular and overuse的問題所引起的。 以biomechanical來說,flat foot它是在一個比較non-weight bearing的狀態,因為沒有 medial arch來做weight bearing→ankle會"roll"往內,這時候femur或是tibia會向內轉 作一個代償的現象,如此便會增加並在patellofemoral形成一個壓力造成patella maltracking的情況。
Q angle >15 degrees 易造成patellar subluxation (如果 Q angle 增加 ,quadriceps 收縮時造成patella to sublux laterally) lateral collateral受傷時會造成 varus load 當knee受到lateral force 導致medial collateral ligament 受傷造成valgus load
Maltracking can be caused by a genetic, developmental, or familiar abnormality, a point that helps the defense expert’s position. A child may be born with a varus or valgus of the knee, muscle tightness, or a wide pelvis. Maltracking may also be caused by overuse from repetitive knee flexion, uphill running, hiking, kneeling, squatting, or prolonged sitting with knees flexed. This condition can also be precipitated by a blow to the knee or impact of the knees with a dashboard. 參考: http://www.medleague.com/Articles/medical_topics/knee_injuries.htm
會引起malalignment的原因: 例如hip若過度IR,tibia外轉造成Q angle的角度增加,這個時候髕骨就會在股骨溝上向外滑動,而且足部也可能會產生外翻,此時壓力也會集中在knee,可能就會造成他的排序有問題 (補了幾句話,剛剛沒有打上去!)
maltracking of the patella可能是biomechanical, muscular and overuse的問題所引起的。 以biomechanical來說,flat foot它是在一個比較non-weight bearing的狀態,因為沒有 medial arch來做weight bearing→ankle會"roll"往內,這時候femur或是tibia也會向內轉 做一個代償的現象,如此便會增加valgus並在patellofemoral形成一個壓力造成patella maltracking的情況。
從sprial line來看的話 Pronated foot時: tibialis locked long+peroneus locked short 會造成足部的medial arch support下降, 如果再往上去看,tibialis會往上接到rectus femoris+satorius+ITT+TFL peroneus則是往上接到long head of biceps femoris到ischial tuberosity 除了造成pronated foot之外也有可能影響到pelvic posterior tilt和 tibial或femur往內旋轉會造成patellarfemoral joint之間的壓力過大 supinated foot時: tibialis locked short+peroneus locked long 會造成足部的medial arch support上升, 如果再往上去看,tibialis會往上接到rectus femoris+satorius+ITT+TFL peroneus則是往上接到long head of biceps femoris到ischial tuberosity 除了造成supinated foot之外也有可能影響到pelvic anterior tilt和 femur或tibia也會跟著向內旋轉,增加了patellofemoral的valgus和壓力 Pes Cavus 高足弓也會造成會造成腳著地時less cushioning. 增加patellofemoral之間的壓力
1.Rotatory limb malalignment: femoral antersion, lateral tibial torsion 2.Patellar malalignment: typically lateral glide result of tightness lateral retinaculum 3.Knee hypertension: patellar hypomobility 4.Soft tissue restrictions: tightness ITB, hamstrings, tightness anterior hip structures, tight gastrocnemius 5.VMO artophy: poorly functioning vastus medialis weakness hip adductor, lateral rotator
patella maltracking: 1.可能與VMO有關,VMO可以hold patella抵抗femur extension & lateral pull的力量 2.Q angle 可能會增加femoral neck anteversion,external tibial torsion, subtalar pronation進而影響patella maltracking
quadriceps的影響,有很多例如: 1. 外力造成,膝蓋受撞擊增加patella maltracking的風險 2. ITB太緊knee extension的時候將patella拉向外側,造成maltracking。
造成PFPS的原因有很多,其中最大宗的原因就是patella maltracking 1.有可能是soft tissue或是bone alignment所造成patella 的 track不對 如果是tibialis posterior 或是plantar calcaneonavicular lig. dysfunction,會造成foot arch 掉下來, 就沒辦法去支撐head of talus,會talus inferomedially displacement,影響到tibia internal rotation→maltracking 2.另外像是pelvis 比較wide,也會增加Q angle(女生的Q angle比較大) 3.Knee valgus也會去影響到patellar alignment
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